Blood pressure (BP) is the product of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR).
- BP = CO X TPR
- CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
- Stroke volume is related to diastolic filling volume (preload), afterload, and contractility
- The higher the ventricular filling volume, the higher the SV
- The greater the strength of ventricular contraction, the greater the SV
- Other determinants of blood pressure include:
- Kidneys: sodium regulation via the kidneys and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- Brain: sympathetic nervous system and central nervous system regulation
- Blood vessels: vasculature tone regulation via release of catecholamines, angiotensin, histamine, kinins, pH, PaO2, and endothelial factors
Overview of some of the important mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood pressure. RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications, Ltd from Taylor, SS, et al. ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2017) 19, 288–303; DOI: 10.1177/1098612X17693500. © ISFM and AAFP.